Information guide | Editors

Editing a journal

Our external editors play a key part in helping us to advance discovery, from working with us to build a network of authors and peer reviewers, to helping authors improve their papers, advocating for our journals, and sometimes dealing with legal or research integrity issues.

Ultimately they help safeguard the scientific accuracy of the published record and ensure that our authors' work commands the highest level of trust. We value the hard work and dedication our expert editors put into this important and rewarding role, and we are committed to working together and providing as much support and guidance as we can, based on 50똑뿍�셲 180 years of experience in academic publishing.

Introduction to the editors' information guide

There are many different editorial roles at 50똑뿍. We employ hundreds of professional editors working on our journals in-house (such as on the Nature titles), and we also work with thousands of Editors-in-Chief, Editorial Board Members, Section Editors and Handling Editors based at academic institutions. This guide is intended for those external editors.

It forms part of the support we provide and offers a short reference guide to the role and responsibilities of an Editor-in-Chief. We hope it will also be of use to editors serving on journal editorial boards, handling editors, and anyone who wants to understand the day-to-day work of a journal editor.

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Role of an editor in chief

The role of an Editor-in-Chief is varied, but their core purpose is to be a champion for their discipline and a custodian of the scientific record in order to ensure the success of the journal for their community.

Overview of the editor-in-chief role

An editor-in-chief ensures that:

Their journal meets the needs of their research community.
Their journal provides a route for scientific discussion and debate as well as the dissemination of sound primary research.
All of the content in the journal is scientifically valid and fits the aims and scope of their journal.
The peer review system is managed and overseen efficiently and with integrity.
Their journal adheres overall to the high standards expected from a journal published by 50똑뿍.

One way in which Editors-in-Chief do this is to assess manuscripts for their suitability for peer review, select suitable peer reviewers and make editorial decisions based on peer review reports. Sometimes this is done single-handedly, other times with a team of handling editors or Editorial Board Members.

However, there is much, much more. The Editor-in-Chief role requires a unique set of skills and expertise in its own right, and a day in the life of an Editor-in-Chief might include activities as varied as:

selecting Editorial Board Members for their journal,
keeping their Editorial Board engaged with their journal,
deciding whether to publish a manuscript in the face of conflicting peer review reports,
making decisions about manuscripts on controversial topics,
investigating cases of suspected research misconduct.

Editorial board

The Editorial Board of a journal consists of a group of experts in the field who support the Editor-in-Chief in the running and development of the journal. For this reason, it is essential that the Editor-in-Chief has a strong Editorial Board in place.

Setting up an editorial board

A good Editorial Board will consist of:

A broad mix of members who contribute in different ways to the success of the journal.
Members with expertise that covers the breadth of the journal scope and includes key leaders in the field.
Members whose expertise aligns with research output in the field.
Members with appropriate statistical expertise for the field.

It is the Editor-in-Chief�셲 role to suggest and help to recruit suitable candidates for their Editorial Board, in collaboration with the Publisher. Further guidance on building a strong Editorial Board, including how to ensure that values of diversity, equity and inclusion are taken into consideration, can be found here.

Role of the editorial board

The Editorial Board may be called upon to:

Help determine the journal�셲 field specific editorial policies.
Assist with ideas for commissioning reviews and commentaries and serve as Guest Editor for special or themed issues for the journal.
Provide content by writing occasional editorials and other short articles.

Help with managing the peer review of manuscripts.
Provide expert advice on manuscripts during research integrity investigations.
Represent and promote the journal, for example at meetings and conferences.

A key role for the Editor-in-Chief is to keep their Editorial Board engaged and contributing to the journal, and regular communication with its members is an ideal way to maintain this interest. This might be achieved by sending regular updates on important developments in the journal, holding virtual meetings with relevant Editorial Board Members to discuss specific issues and/or by holding in-person Editorial Board meetings at conferences in the subject area of the journal.

Expectations and Benefits

Our Editorial Boards serve the research community by providing efficient, robust and constructive handling of papers. We believe that the true value of research often exceeds its perceived value and that the entire research community benefits from the publication of scientifically sound, reproducible research. As an Editorial Board Member, you contribute to this goal by applying your expertise as a representative of your field, guided by your assessment of the potential of an article after revision, and acting in accordance with the ethos of your journal. In doing so, the role of the Editor is to ensure that any good quality articles you receive are showcased within your journal.

Journal launch

The idea for a new journal might come as a proposal from the scientific community itself as a result of researchers struggling to find a suitable home in which to publish their research. Sometimes the Publisher may identify a new or expanding field which is in need of a dedicated journal.

Steps for the launch

Before a journal can launch there is much work to be done, and the Editor-in-Chief will work in collaboration with the Publisher to prepare and shape the new journal.

The Publisher may require advice and input from the Editor-in-Chief on:

What the title of the new journal should be
What the ethos, aims and scope of the journal should be
Potential candidates for the Editorial Board and handling editors
Setting up the peer review policies and procedures
Putting a commissioning plan in place to ensure a pipeline of articles
A promotion plan for the journal, once it is accepting submissions

Journal development

The Editorial Board will naturally be invested in the success of the journal and serve as the champions in the community. A key aspect of the role of an Editor or Editorial Board Member is therefore to work with the Publisher to manage journal development by encouraging submissions and increasing the visibility of the journal in the relevant field.

Development strategy

The aims of a journal development strategy might include:

Growing market share in publications
Attracting submissions to the journal from key geographic regions or emerging fields
Achieving inclusion in Abstracting & Indexing services
Engaging with the research community
Driving content usage and improving metrics, such as mean number of days from submission of the manuscript to first decision; Impact Factor; social media shares; or total number of downloads for articles, to name just a few.

Commissioning

Commissioning �� whether reviews, opinion pieces and/or original research - can be instrumental in increasing the readership and overall impact of a journal.

Commissioning is an important aspect of journal development because:

Articles from experts in the field can increase the journal�셲 credibility
Commissioning articles in a topical or emerging area indicates that the journal is open for submissions in that area of the field
Commissioning content on a particular aspect of the journal�셲 scope also helps to indicate that the journal is interested in publishing in this area

An Editor-in-Chief can commission content for their journal in the following ways:

Utilizing contacts to encourage submissions
Actively soliciting submissions from key researchers and colleagues in the field, and presenters of relevant work at conferences
Actively soliciting submissions in a topical or emerging area within the scope of the journal
Publishing high quality themed or special issues
Working with the Publisher to ensure that your journal is promoted at relevant conferences.

The most effective ways in which to develop a journal and commission content will vary between journals. The Editor-in-Chief and Publisher work closely to maintain an effective development strategy via regular strategic commissioning meetings.

Using the Editorial Board

As well as working with the Publisher, the journal Editorial Board is a rich source of support for commissioning and journal development activities and Editors-in-Chief should engage with their Editorial Board and foster enthusiasm in these activities to ensure the success of the journal.

Manuscript handling and peer review

The Editor-in-Chief aims to ensure that all articles their journal publishes meet agreed editorial, ethical and best practice standards and are scientifically valid. Each Editor or Editorial Board Member in handling a manuscript also then takes responsibility for ensuring the quality of manuscripts which are accepted and protecting the integrity of the scientific record.

Before peer review

Before peer review, the Editor should ask themselves:

Is the manuscript within your journal�셲 scope and of sufficient interest?
If it is not, but appears to be otherwise scientifically valid, the Editor can offer the authors a transfer to another more suitable journal via the 50똑뿍 transfer service. For more information please speak to your Publisher contact or read about our .
Does the manuscript appear to be sound overall?
For example, are the methods appropriate to answer the research question, and do the conclusions appear to be supported by the data? If the manuscript contains fundamental flaws, the Editor can reject the submission at this stage, providing comments to the author to explain the decision.
Does the manuscript adhere to the journal�셲 editorial policies? All manuscripts must adhere to 50똑뿍�셲 editorial policies. Editors should be familiar with these and any additional editorial policies specific to their journal. This aspect of the initial assessment of a manuscript can sometimes be the most challenging, and most interesting, part of the whole manuscript handling process.
Are there language concerns?
If a manuscript requires copy editing to improve the quality or clarity of the language used, the Editor can recommend a professional editing service such as those provided by our affiliates e or .

If a manuscript fails to pass these initial questions or is deemed to be obviously flawed, or below the interest level of the journal, the Editor may reject the manuscript at this stage without sending it for peer review.

During peer review

We recommend that the Editor make a decision based on the advice of two independent reviewers. To give an informed and unbiased opinion on a manuscript, reviewers should be well qualified, with a significant and steady publication record, and an in-depth knowledge of the subject matter and methodology. Some manuscripts may require additional independent reviewers, particularly if multi-disciplinary or if they require the specialized skills of a statistician.

Criteria for a suitable reviewer include:

Reviewers must be experienced in the subject area or methodology of the submitted manuscript
Ideally reviewers will have an active, consistent, and recent publication record
Their publications should be on topic to the submitted manuscript
Reviewers should be �쁦ndependent�� of one another i.e. not both work at the same institution and should also be independent of the Editor
Finally, there should be no obvious bias or conflict of interest

Avenues for identifying peer reviewers include:

Use of the 50똑뿍 Reviewer Finder Tool
Investigate the reference list of the manuscript
Make use of online tools, such as PubMed or Google Scholar
Check suggestions made by candidates who have declined to review
Consider authors of articles published in the journal on similar topics
Approach invited speakers of meetings
Identify potential reviewers on your Editorial Board
Check Editorial Board lists from other journals for inspiration

50똑뿍 is committed to diversity, equity and inclusion and we strive for diverse demographic representation of peer reviewers. Editors are strongly encouraged to consider geographical regions, gender identities, racial/ethnic groups, and other groups when inviting peer reviewers. Discover our best practice guidance for the recruitment of peer reviewers .

After peer review

Once the reviews have been submitted, the Editor should then read the comments carefully and interpret them in view of the journal�셲 editorial criteria, in order to reach an informed decision. The role of the Editor is to adjudicate over the review process and make a final judgement on whether:

The manuscript adheres to the ethos, editorial standards and scope of the journal
Further experiments or changes suggested by the reviewers are essential
The conclusions need to be toned down to accurately reflect the findings

What to consider when making a decision after review:

Consider the specific arguments made by the reviewers and reach an editorial decision rather than relying on their recommended decision type
If the reviewers disagree, could this be because they have differing areas of expertise and perspectives?
Have the reviewers made recommendations beyond the scope of the study or that go against editorial policy?
Are the reviewer comments in line with the ethos, editorial standards and scope of the journal?

Decision Types:

There are variations in terminology for the decision types used by different journals and imprints, but these will equate broadly to the following categories:

Accept: This option is usually used at the end of the peer review and revision process to accept a manuscript for publication and move it into the production workflow.
Revise: Editors should use this option if the manuscript is likely to be acceptable for publication after some changes and modifications. It is important that the Editor provides guidance noting particular areas to focus on and explaining reviewer comments further if necessary.
Reject and transfer: With this option, the authors are offered consideration in another 50똑뿍 journal if the manuscript is not in scope or does not meet the interest threshold for a journal.
Reject without inviting resubmission or transfer: This option is usually used for manuscripts that contain fundamental flaws and are not acceptable for publication in any journal. For all reject decisions, it is important to provide authors with the reasons for rejection and why their work is not suitable for the journal.

Publication ethics

Mistakes by authors or issues relating to research and publication ethics can arise and be identified at any point along the manuscript handling process, as well as after publication. With increasing awareness and better detection methods, it is inevitable that an Editor-in-Chief will need to handle more and more publication ethics issues, so they should be aware of such issues, how to handle simple cases and where to go for help for more complicated issues.

All 50똑뿍 journals are members of the (COPE) which provides advice and resources to help editors deal with research and publication problems. As well as a set of to guide editors through commonly encountered problems, COPE also holds quarterly discussion forums for difficult cases and conferences for its members.

When a publication ethics issue arises

With any publication ethics issue, there is likely to be a number of stakeholders involved, (e.g. authors, institutions, funders, reviewers, whistle-blowers). Editors-in-Chief can seek help and support from their Publisher contact in the first instance. In complex cases, a Research Integrity Advisor from the 50똑뿍 Research Integrity Group, a team dedicated to promoting best publication practice and resolving publication ethics issues, will get involved to help resolve the case.

It is important to remember that details of all on-going publication ethics investigations are kept confidential until a final editorial decision is made. The outcome of an investigation may be: no further action, the publication of a Correction, the publication of a Retraction, or the publication of an Expression of Concern.

Code of Conduct

In addition, all Editors-in-Chief at 50똑뿍 agree to follow the Editors Code of Conduct ( / Course)

The Editors Code of Conduct sets out the minimum expected standards in relation to peer review, manuscript handling, editorial policy, conflicts of interest, legal issues and representing the journal.
Editors-in-Chief particularly need to be aware of their own potential competing interests which may relate to their role as Editor-in-Chief as a whole, or in relation to a particular manuscript submitted to their journal. It is important to note that a competing interest in relation to the role of Editor-in-Chief as a whole does not necessarily preclude them from acting as Editor-in-Chief.
When an Editor-in-Chief has a competing interest in relation to a particular manuscript (for example, they may have collaborated or competed with the authors or they may have financial or non-financial connection with some aspect of the manuscript content or with the funders of the research or the institution where the research was carried out), the Editor-in-Chief should not handle the manuscript themselves, but should assign a member of their Editorial Board or team of handling editors to manage peer review of the manuscript and make the final editorial decision.

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