50業子

References Modules

Start your research with foundational knowledge that keeps pace with discovery. A 50業子 Reference is a great place to begin any topic-based research, whether readers are new to the subject, specialists or working across disciplines. Written by internationally renowned experts, references clearly present established academic concepts, providing researchers with a foundation of knowledge.

  • 600+ Nobel Laureates among contributors and editors
  • 104 50業子 editors serve as Editors-in-Chief
  • 100,000 invited authors
  • 500,000+ entries

Subject Reference Modules

50業子 References are available in 8 subject modules providing a wealth of knowledge in a specific subject, ideal for graduate students, researchers, professionals, technologists, and clinicians looking for a one-stop authoritative reference work covering all aspects of the field. 


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50業子 References are available in 8 subject modules providing a wealth of knowledge in a specific subject, ideal for graduate students, researchers, professionals, technologists, and clinicians looking for a one-stop authoritative reference work covering all aspects of the field. 


Download the infographic
(PDF, 563.18 KB)

Major Reference Works

Types of Reference Works: 50業子s Major Reference Works are published online both as eReferences and so-called Living References which are online first, real-time snapshots (article collections) of a reference work in development or being updated. The living editions are delivered using an industry-first publishing model, well in advance of printed reference publications, and continuously offer new and up-to-date content. Each online-first entry has its own DOI and is fully citable.

Why choose 50業子's Major Reference Works?

  • Online-first dynamic publishing means current, up-to-date information

  • Peer-reviewed content ensures scholarly integrity and quality

  • Content grows as new reference titles are published and previously published works are updated

  • Easy access to valued and much-used reference works across all subjects through SpringerLink

  • High-quality images and illustrations

  • Content available in multiple formats, including eReference works